This is the Ireland portion of my lecture on the 2019 Hillsdale College Round-Britain cruise. Hillsdale cruises with “lectures at sea” are regular events. My book Winston Churchill: Myth and Reality considers tall tales, exaggerations, lies, myths, rumors and distortions about Churchill over the years. Nowadays, the old adage that you don’t speak ill of the dead is obsolete. It seems more important now to deconstruct history and puncture heroes. The tool is the Internet. Without straying from your keyboard, you can anonymously spout whatever nonsense occurs to you. The late Umberto Eco, the Italian writer and critic, nicely described this phenomenon: “Social media gives legions of idiots the right to speak when they once only spoke at a bar after a glass of wine, without harming the community….It’s the invasion of the idiots.”

The right of reply

Churchill, who won a Nobel Prize, and did a few other things, cannot reply. He lies at Bladon in English earth, “which in his finest hour he held inviolate.” He’d love the controversy he stirs today, on media he never dreamed of. He once said the vision “of middle-aged gentlemen who are my political opponents being in a state of uproar and fury is really quite exhilarating to me.”

N.B. Also covered in this talk were the myths that Churchill led the war party in 1914, that his negligence contributed to the sinking of the Titanic in 1912, and that he purposely directed the Lusitania into the path of a German U-boat in 1915. These subjects may be found by clicking the links above.

Our cruise around Britain related to many interesting Churchill myths. On a map I’ve labeled every place around the British Isles with a Churchill connection. If any suggest a question, please ask. For example, what does Churchill have to do with the Isle of Jura in the Hebrides (upper right)? No one has come up with it.

Dublin, Waterford and Redmond

Monday 10 June brought us to Dublin, where Winston Churchill had his first childhood memories. The next day was Waterford. Most came there for the crystal, but we hoped to see where John Redmond was sworn in. Redmond represented Waterford for the Irish Parliamentary Party for nearly thirty years, and his son after him. Waterford was one of the few constituencies outside Ulster not won by Sinn Féin in the 1918 election.

In the debate over Irish Home Rule Redmond, like Churchill, favored moderation, conciliation and Irish autonomy. Many years later in the Commons, Churchill said:

I always bear in my memory, with regard, John Redmond…of the old Irish Parliamentary Party, which fought us for so many years in this House, pleading the cause of Ireland, with great eloquence and Parliamentary renown…making these speeches of absolute support and unity with this country until everybody said everywhere, “The brightest spot in the world is Ireland.”

“The Minstrel Boy”

Here is a rather rude cartoon, in Punch, 1910, of the Liberal lions, Asquith, Churchill and Lloyd George, each with John Redmond “in the bag.” Churchill is “the Ministerial Boy with his wild harp slung behind him.” In a more literate age, everyone recognized the words. They are from “The Minstrel Boy,” Thomas Moore’s lovely, haunting song of the 1798 Irish rebellion…

The Minstrel fell but the foeman’s chain
Could not bring his proud soul under
The harp he loved ne’er spoke again
For his tore its chords asunder….
Thy songs were made for the pure and free
They shall never sound in slav’ry.

“Thy songs were made for the pure and free … They shall never sound in slav’ry.” Surely, ladies and gentlemen, those words would apply to Churchill himself, thirty years later. Punch didn’t know how prescient they were.

Churchill and Irish independence

No enemy of Ireland, Churchill was always seeking to placate old antagonisms among Catholics and Protestants. Along the way he made a mistake—more of which anon. Against that, he must be credited with a leading role in forging Ireland’s independence.

Before the First World War, with Redmond’s support, Churchill campaigned for the Liberals’ Third Home Rule bill. Edward Carson’s Ulster Unionists, who dominated the six counties of what is now Northern Ireland, wanted no part of that.

In early 1912, Churchill and Redmond took their campaign to Belfast, which we also visited. Here in 1886 Churchill’s father Lord Randolph had denounced the First Home Rule bill, declaring: “Ulster will fight, and Ulster will be right!” To Churchill’s blithe unconcern, unionist protestors jostled his car, pelting it with missiles. There was a heavy police and army presence. Carson said he couldn’t predict what would happen.

Churchill spoke to 7000 Ulster folk, promising Home Rule within the Empire—no Irish secession. He assured them of protection for minorities and fiscal oversight.

Think of the courage Churchill displayed. He could have played to their sentiments, as his father had. Indifferent himself to danger, he was cut from a different cloth. He always told people not what they wanted to hear, but what he thought they should hear.

War and rebellion

The outbreak of war temporarily eclipsed Home Rule, but the 1916 “Easter Rising” was the most serious revolt since the one in 1798, which inspired “The Minstrel Boy.”

Following the 1918 Armistice, Sinn Féin became the dominant Irish party, boycotting London and setting up a Dublin parliament, the Dáil. Prime Minister Lloyd George dissolved the Dáil and set about quelling the rebellion by force.

Legend has it that in January 1919 Churchill, now War Secretary, created the “Black and Tans,” a temporary constabulary, named for their uniforms. Most were English, some Irish. Their methods of suppression were so violent that they provoked a lasting antipathy to Churchill which still exists today. I’m going to end with a story about this.

In fact Churchill played no part in creating the Black and Tans. But he defended them despite atrocities that exceeded their remit. That was his mistake, for many of their outrages were indefensible.

The Irish Treaty

By June 1921 civil war was in the air, and an Anglo-Irish conference was set for October, with Churchill among the British delegates. The Irish delegation was headed by Michael Collins, president of the Republican Brotherhood and Adjutant General of the Irish Republican Army.

Doggedly, Churchill pursued the prize. He and Collins were much alike, William Manchester wrote, “fearless, charismatic, fiercely patriotic, ready to sacrifice everything for principle. Both had cherubic features but bulldog expressions, and they shared a ready wit.”

Collins complained that the British had put a price on his head. Churchill showed him his framed copy of the ersatz Boer wanted poster from 1899: “At any rate it was a good price—£5000,” he said.  “Look at me—£25 dead or alive. How would you like that?” Collins broke out laughing. The ice was broken.

Michael Collins signed the Irish Treaty, and with it, he predicted, his death warrant. He was too right—shot by an assassin in 1922. His last message to Churchill, was: “Tell Winston we could never have done anything without him.”

Churchill’s defense of the Irish Treaty

Churchill said the deal was good for all. The twenty-six southern counties would form a Free State within the Empire. The Dáil would control domestic affairs. The six counties of Northern Ireland would not be coerced to join, and remained, as they do to this day, part of the United Kingdom.

Collins and Griffiths headed a provisional government, but the diehards under Eamon de Valera rejected subordination of Ireland to the Crown, which for Churchill and Lloyd George was key.

In power during World War II, De Valera proclaimed neutrality, but in fact there was considerable cooperation between the intelligence agencies, and many Irish volunteers fought with the Allies. Ireland remained in the Commonwealth, though it behaved like a republic, and finally declared itself one in 1948. By then, of course, Churchill’s role was over.

In retrospect…

Reading Churchill’s book The Aftermath, the historian Paul Addison pointed out something I hadn’t noticed: “The admiration Churchill expresses for the Irish of all kinds. He must have detested de Valera for undoing the Irish Free State, in which he clearly took a paternal pride.”

Ireland excited Churchill’s passion, but mostly in a positive way, for he always respected Irish patriotism and heroism. In World War II, Paddy Finucane, one of many Irish who volunteered to fight for Britain, destroyed thirty-two German aircraft before being shot down and killed. “If ever I feel a bitter feeling rising in me in my heart about the Irish,” he said in 1948, “the hands of heroes like Finucane seem to stretch out to soothe it away.” Churchill had proven himself an ally, not an enemy, in Ireland’s quest for peace and freedom.

History doesn’t repeat, but it sometimes rhymes, someone said (not Churchill). A modern extension to the Anglo-Irish relationship is Brexit and the so-called Irish Backstop. I’ll happily chat later about how the EU negotiators were very aware of the bad blood between Britain and Ireland in framing their Brexit demands. Just ask.

But I don’t want to wear out my welcome, so let me put up my map of our cruise with its Churchill venues, end with a story, and then answer any questions.

Eddie’s Shannon experience

Back when transatlantic flights stopped to refuel in Shannon, Ireland, the Churchills were aboard a Pan Am Clipper, headed west. Detective-Sergeant Edmund Murray, Sir Winston’s bodyguard from 1950 to his death, was with them as usual. Eddie later told me of that flight, and an amusing story about the lingering Irish antipathy toward his boss.

While the plane stood refuelling, Sgt. Murray left to buy a case of Jameson’s for his Secret Service pals in Washington. “What name shall I put on it, sir?” asked the clerk at the Duty-Free. “Murray,” Eddie told him.

Arriving back to pick up the case, the clerk was cordial but curious. “Will ye just tell me one thing? What’s a man by the name of Murray doing guarding that old bastard Churchill?”

Back on board, Eddie related the story to the boss, knowing he would enjoy it. Churchill roared with laughter, but his wife remained silent.

About a minute passed. And then Clementine Churchill spoke up, in the high pitched voice she adopted at times of high emotion: “He was wrong, Winston, he was quite wrong,” she exclaimed. “You do know who your father was.”

The King’s Ships: “We may now picture this great Fleet, with its flotillas and cruisers, steaming slowly out of Portland Harbour, squadron by squadron, scores of gigantic castles of steel wending their way across the misty, shining sea, like giants bowed in anxious thought. We may picture them again as darkness fell, eighteen miles of warships running at high speed and in absolute blackness through the narrow Straits, bearing with them into the broad waters of the North the safeguard of considerable affairs.”

Irish Sea to Portland: Churchill Connections, 8-12 June 2019

The 2019 Hillsdale College Cruise around Britain was a unique opportunity to recall the Churchill saga by passing or visiting key places. These shaped and affected Churchill’s thought and engaged his pen. Concluded from part 2….

Herein we highlight Portland, from which Churchill, First Lord of the Admiralty, sent the Grand Fleet to its war station in July 1914.

Douglas, Isle of Man (June 7th)

Enemy aliens interred on the Isle of Man in 1940-45. Churchill recognized delicate questions of civil liberties. He had mixed feelings on the question, and tended to advocate leniency and early release. After the war, Winston Churchill was named a Freeman of Douglas.

Liverpool (June 8th) – Holyhead (June 9th) – Dublin (June 10th)

Banished from London society, after a dispute with “a great personage,” Lord and Lady Randolph Churchill moved to Dublin in 1876. There they remained until 1880. Randolph served as secretary to his father, the 7th Duke of Marlborough, conveniently made Viceroy.  Young Winston’s first memories were of Ireland, and Irish affairs were to occupy his time for decades during his political career.

Waterford (June 11th) – Portland (June 12th)

Many cruisers will visit Waterford for its famous crystal, but I hoped to see where John Redmond was sworn in. Redmond represented Waterford for the Irish Parliamentary Party for nearly thirty years, and his son after him.

In the debate over Irish Home Rule, Redmond, like Churchill, favored moderation, conciliation and Irish autonomy. Many years later in the Commons, Churchill said: “I always bear in my memory with regard, John Redmond…of the old Irish Parliamentary Party…pleading the cause of Ireland, with great eloquence and Parliamentary renown… [He expressed] absolute support and unity with this country until everybody said everywhere, ‘The brightest spot in the world is Ireland.’”

Off to the southwest of Ireland is the Old Head of Kinsale, where RMS Lusitania was torpedoed and sunk in 1915. Again, Churchill was among the scapegoats, and my onboard lecture addressed the myth. Further on is Plymouth, scene of some of Churchill’s greatest speeches in peace and war. Finally we stopped at Portland, where dramatic events occurred as World War I broke out. Churchill vividly recalled the scene in The World Crisis (1923)….

Remembering Portland, 1914: “The King’s ships were at sea”

On the 17th and 18th of July was held the grand review of the Navy. It constituted incomparably the greatest assemblage of naval power ever witnessed in the history of the world…. The whole Fleet put to sea for exercises of various kinds. It took more than six hours for this armada, every ship decked with flags and crowded with bluejackets and marines, to pass…

As early as Tuesday July 28, I felt that the Fleet [at Portland] should go to its War Station. It must go there at once, and secretly; it must be steaming to the north while every German authority, naval or military, had the greatest possible interest in avoiding a collision with us. If it went thus early it need not go by the Irish Channel and northabout. It could go through the Straits of Dover and through the North Sea, and therefore the island would not be uncovered even for a single day. Moreover, it would arrive sooner and with less expenditure of fuel….

We decided that the Fleet should leave Portland at such an hour on the morning of the 29th as to pass the Straits of Dover during the hours of darkness, that it should traverse these waters at high speed and without lights, and with the utmost precaution proceed to Scapa Flow. I feared to bring this matter before the Cabinet, the Fleet, lest it should mistakenly be considered a provocative action likely to damage the chances of peace. It would be unusual to bring movements of the British Fleet in Home Waters from one British port to another before the Cabinet. I only therefore informed the Prime Minister, who at once gave his approval….

The Ships to their War Station

We may now picture this great Fleet, with its flotillas and cruisers, steaming slowly out of Portland Harbour, squadron by squadron, scores of gigantic castles of steel wending their way across the misty, shining sea, like giants bowed in anxious thought. -We may picture them again as darkness fell, eighteen miles of warships running at high speed and in absolute blackness through the narrow Straits, bearing with them into the broad waters of the North the safeguard of considerable affairs.

We were now in a position, whatever happened, to control events…. If war should come no one would know where to look for the British Fleet. Somewhere in that enormous waste of waters to the north of our islands, cruising now this way, now that, shrouded in storms and mists, dwelt this mighty organization. Yet from the Admiralty building we could speak to them at any moment if need arose. The king’s ships were at sea.” —WSC, The World Crisis, vol. I, 1923